The weekly magazine printed the images or caricatures on Wednesday. Muslims consider any representation of Prophet Muhammad offensive.
Stephane Charbonnier, the magazine's editor, says the decision was well within the law, and that that is what really matters.
"We're in a country of the rule of law. We respect French law. Our only limit is French law. It's that which we have to obey. We haven't infringed French law. We have the right to use our freedom as we understand it," he said.
Despite concerns over a possible backlash, Jean-Marc Ayrault, the French prime minister, has defended France's tradition of free speech.
"If people's convictions have really been offended that laws have been breached, we are in a lawful state, laws must be totally respected, then they can go to the court. That has already happened with this weekly. Then there is the issue of respect, whether the directors of this weekly decide to it or not," he said.
But some have criticised the decision to publish the cartoons.
Laurent Fabius, the French foreign minister, seemed to contradict Ayrault by saying the publication of the images is a provocation and that people should exercise responsibility.
"Is it pertinent and intelligent in this context ... to pour more oil on the fire? The answer is 'no'. But we don't want to say to these people 'we're infringing on your right to free expression'. So there's a balance that has to be struck," he said.
Last year, when Charlie Hebdo did something similar, its offices were firebombed.
This latest incident follows violent protests across the Muslim world over an anti-Islam video trailer made in the US.
On this episode, Justicelink asks: Are these cartoons meant to provoke Muslims? Is this freedom of expression or provocation?
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